Caffeine+for+Speed+Athletes--Omar+and+Derrick

Caffeine is the oldest from of stimuli in the world it is considered a chemical formula. Caffeine chemical name is 1,3,7 trimethylxanthine, based on its formula C8 H10 N4 O2 and molecular structure. Caffeine is a natural stimulant that can be isolated from over sixty plants but can be made synthetically to add to everyday products. Caffeine is the most used drug in the world. At least 90% of the world has had caffeine. In the 1700’s the most popular form of caffeine “coffee” was brought here by colonist. 

=Step 2: = - Caffeine is legally and socially acceptable throughout the world, but at certain levels it is considered a banned substance. For NCAA student-athletes, urinary caffeine levels exceeding 15 mcg/mL would considered a positive test and subject the athlete to disqualification. The thing is that caffeine increases the performance of the athlete and it a depends on how much they consume for competition or during practice. Caffeine causes a heightened sense of awareness and a decreased perception of effort. Athletes are not allowed to take in more than 15 mcg/mL of caffeine during competition but anything out of competition it is acceptable to take more than that. If an athlete were to consume up ~450 mg it would not affect they're hydration or electrolyte status.
 * Caffeine is the world’s most psychoactive drug used in the world. You can consume caffeine in the form of caffeine tablets popular with college students and body builders, energy drinks such as red bull and monster, and in gum. The most popular form being coffee, 4 billion dollars a year are spent on importing coffee to the US each year.
 * The cost of caffeine can vary depending on how you plan to consume this. If you would take it in the form of coffee it would cost you around 350$ a year. In the form of an energy drink it would cost you 675$ a year. In the form of a pill 90$ a year. Prices vary depending on how many milligrams of caffeine you think you need to get you throughout the day.
 * Caffeine can be purchased anywhere such as, grocery stores, gas stations, coffee shops (Starbucks or Dutch Bros), or at a cafe. Caffeine is sold in different forms and not all of it is the same. Some of it is in liquid form already like coffee or an espresso drink, or some sort of energy drink, and also tea. And other forms are in powder forms such as some sort of pre-workout that most athletes like to take before taking on a hard workout. There are also pill forms as well that contains a small portion of caffeine which contains about 200 mg per capsule. Caffeine is the most widely consumed, self-administered psychotropic (capable of affecting the mind) drug in the world (Dunford and Doyle, pg. 383). Caffeine can also be purchased online such as Amazon or local athletic stores like GNC that contains many different forms of caffeine to help the athlete perform better.
 * Caffeine and the NCAA

=**Step 3: **=
 * Caffeine is utilized by the body in many different ways. Caffeine in your central nervous system acts on your brain as a stimulant and helps you feel more awake and alert. In your digestion and excretory system caffeine raises the amount of acid in your stomach and may cause heartburn or upset stomach. It is also a diuretic and tells your body to get rid of water. In the circulatory and respiratory system caffeine is absorbed from yours stomach and can reach your bloodstream within an hour or two. For a short amount of time caffeine can raise your blood pressure. Caffeine in the skeletal and muscle system may interfere with calcium absorption in the bone and cause osteoporosis. Caffeine utilized in your body in large amounts can have many side effects. Some of these side effects may include hallucinations, nausea, vomiting, irregular heartbeat, and achy muscles.
 * The chemical make-up of caffeine (1, 3, 7-trimethylxanthine) is an alkaloid produced by plants, has antioxidant and insecticide properties that can affect metabolism and cognition. Caffeine (1, 3, 7-trimethylxanthine) is a typical purine alkaloid that is produced in a variety of plants, including coffee (Coffea arabica) and tea (Camellia sinensis). Caffeine is involved in plant chemical defense, acting as a repellent, pesticide and allelopathic agent. With its psychostimulant, cardiac and diuretic effects, caffeine is one of the most widely used plant secondary metabolites, primarily as a food additive or an ingredient in drugs. Caffeine derivatives in the human liver, metabolized by the cytochrome P450 oxidase enzyme system (in particular by the CYP1A2 isoenzyme), include three major dimethylxanthine metabolites (paraxanthine, theobromine and theophylline) and one hydroxylated metabolite (1, 3, 7-trimethyluric acid). Paraxanthine is the predominant caffeine-derived metabolite in humans, but 1, 3, 7-trimethyluric acid and theophylline are the major metabolites found in rodents and monkeys, respectively Caffeine (58–08–2), Theobromine (83–67–0), Theophylline (58–55–9), Paraxanthine (611–59–6) and Metyrapone (54–36–4) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), and 1, 3, 7 trimethyluric acid (5415–44–1) from ChemCruz (Santa Cruz, CA, USA).
 * From the first step caffeine enters your blood stream through the lining of your mouth throat and stomach. It takes about 45 min for the caffeine to be absorbed through the membranes. On the average caffeine last 4-6 hours. As soon as the caffeine enters the body it is already being broken down by the liver into theoplylline, theobromine, and paraxanthine. These 3 chemicals affect many body functions. The caffeine molecules bind to adenosine receptors in the brain cells and block adensosine from binding. Adensoine plays a major factor in your sleeping cycle. Dopamine in your brain works at a greater rate when adensonine is blocked. It gives you a feeling of alertness and energy. Theophylline from caffeine relaxes the smooth muscles this affects the smooth muscle in the colon that’s why after you drink coffee you feel the need to use the restroom. Caffeine opens blood vessels and gives you more blood flow. Caffeine is filtered by the kidney and exits the body in the form of urine.

=__**Reference List**__= Jasvinder Chawla, MD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, American Clinical Neurophysiology Society, American Medical Association

Caffeine for the Sustainment of Mental Task Performance: Formulations for Military Operations (2001)

Coelho, A., Fraichard, S. , Le Goff, G. , Faure, P. , Artur, Y. , et al. (2015). Cytochrome p450-dependent metabolism of caffeine in drosophila melanogaster. PloS One, 10(2), e0117328.