Caffeine+for+Endurance+Athletes-Cassie+and+Courtney

[[image:220px-Morat-Fribourg_2009-2.jpg align="left" caption="Marathon image by Wikipedia"]]
===="It is said that caffeine can have an estimated effect of 1-3% "(pg. 383D/D). ==== ==== "Caffeine consumption during athletic performance has become increasingly popular since the introduction of specialized proposed performance enhancing things such as sports gels that contain both carbohydrates and caffeine." "Typically, caffeine-containing energy drinks contain anywhere from 25 to 250 mg of caffeine in various forms, from alkaloid caffeine to caffeine-containing plant extracts like green tea, cocoa beans and Guarana" (Oxford Journal, Graham). ====

=Chemical Makeup Of Caffeine: =

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> ==== ====
 * ====Has several chemical names, including Methyltheobromine and Guaranine ====
 * ====Has a molecular formula of C8H10N4O2 [|Chemical Makeup] ====
 * ====At the chemicals most basic appearance it appears an "odorless white powder or crystal" and is part of the Alkaline chemical class [|Appearance] ====
 * ====The video shows a few fun facts about how caffeine works in the brain (ENJOY!) ->>> ====

=Origins and Forms: =


 * ====-Caffeine is naturally occurring in many forms and genes expanded through sequential tandem duplications independently of genes from cacao and tea, suggesting that [|caffeine] in eudicots is of polyphyletic origin( Graham). ====
 * ==== Caffeine is found in coffee and sometimes tea, which originates from tea leaves and coffee beans alike. ====
 * ====Coffee is ∼2% caffeine, with the remainder composed of chlorogenic acids, ferulic acid, caffeine acid, nicotinic acid as well as other unidentifiable compounds (Crozier, 2012) This finding makes it hard to distinguish if coffee as a source of caffeine is a reliable detector. ====

=Where Caffeine [|is found]: =


 * ====Caffei[[image:275px-A_small_cup_of_coffee.JPG width="297" height="222" align="left" caption="Coffee Image from Wikipedia"]]ne is often seen in liquid forms as tea or coffee but is also found in foods and sometimes even over the counter drugs (but only as an added ingredient, not all concentrated caffeine) although it can be seen being sold in sports stores or the like as concentrate caffeine pills and tablets for pre-race consumption. Caffeine is abundant in many powders as well but is not recommend for use because of the risk of over consumption leading to hospitalization or even death. ====
 * ====Caffeine pills are also available for purchase over the counter at about $12 for a bottle of 80 tablets. ====
 * ====<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Caffeine in many forms, most commonly coffee a be purchased at just about any grocery and convenience stores as well s chain stores like Starbucks and Dunkin Donuts. ====
 * ====<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Caffeine can be purchased a variety of ways and sizes, if bought by beans usually about $3-$20 per lb. depending on type, location, etc. If you buy a cup from stores such as Starbucks it will usually run you around $2 for 12 fl oz. ====
 * ====<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Most of the[| effects of energy drinks] are on cognitive performance, such as increased attention and reaction speed, which are primarily due to the presence of caffeine. ====
 * ====<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Because of caffeine and it's wide spread acceptance and social status it is easy to find and consume as well as widely accepted by the masses, therefore it being considered a performance enhancing ergogenic aid is not widely known as a bad thing. ====
 * ====<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> In NCAA caffeine is subject for restriction if "concentrations in urine exceed 15 micrograms/ml [|NCAA Regulations] ====

=<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Physiological Effects of Caffeine for Endurance: =

====<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">While caffeine benefits performance, a possible adverse effect on whole-body glucose tolerance has also been demonstrated, with caffeine impairing glucose tolerance by approximately 30%. At present, the long-term consequences of caffeine-induced insulin resistance are not known and warrant further study. Both effects appear to be mediated, at least in part, by skeletal muscle( Oxford Journal, Graham). ==== ====<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Recent work reported that ingestion of 3-9 mg of caffeine per kilogram (kg) of body weight one hour prior to exercise increased endurance running and cycling performance in the laboratory (American College of sports Medicine, Graham). Muscle glycogen sparing occurs early during endurance exercise following caffeine ingestion but it is unclear whether this is due to increased fat mobilization and use by the muscle ==== ====<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">(American College of sports Medicine, Graham). So it is proven in prolonged endurance exercise in well trained athletes caffeine does enhance performance due to the delayed utilization carbohydrate (glycogen) stores. ====

=<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">[|Genetics and][|Caffeine Metabolism:] =

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====<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Caffeine use for improved athletic performance has variable effects. Caffeine can exert a wide variety of physiologic effects that range from adverse (e.g., anxiety,increased heart rate, nervousness) to pleasurable (e.g., alertness, elevated mood, increased energy), which could be associated with individual genetic differences (PG.53, JISSN). This is very interesting if we look at it in terms of how people react differently to caffeine and stimuli in general, we assume that because one person has a certain reaction that we all will. This proves that caffeine reactions from a physiological stand point isn't always equal. ====

=<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">[|Absorption] and [|Digestion]: =


 * ====<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">caffeine is completely absorbed in about an hour by the stomach and small intestines ====
 * ====<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">the digestion of caffeine varies widely and depends on factors such as age, liver damage, how much was consumed, etc. ====
 * ====<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">caffeine has a half life of about 4 hours ====
 * ====<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">caffeine is then metabolized by the liver, therefore with individuals with liver problems or taking liver medication this process may be slowed ====
 * ====<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">There are some studied side effects of drinking coffee; it can potentially trigger some GI problems, however it is also said to reduce risk of gallstones and reduce the risk of some liver diseases [|Possible Side Effects] ====

=<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">References: =


 * 1) ====<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Crozier TW, Stalmach A, Lean ME, Crozier A (2012) Espresso coffees, caffeine and chlorogenic acid intake: potential health implications. Food Funct 3: 30–33 [PubMed]. ====
 * 2) ====<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Graham TE. Caffeine and exercise: metabolism, endurance and performance. Sports Med. 2001;31:785–807. Retrieved by: http://nutritionreviews.oxfordjournals.org/content/72/suppl_1/121.full#ref-6. ====
 * 3) ====<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">American College of Sports Medicine by Lawrence L. Spriet, Ph.D., FACSM (Chair) and Terry E. Graham, Ph.D., FACSM. Retrieved by http://www.acsm.org/docs/current-comments/caffeineandexercise.pdf. ====
 * 4) ====<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Guest et al. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2015, 12(Suppl 1):P53 http://www.jissn.com/content/12/S1/P53 ====
 * 5) ====<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Dunford, M., & Doyle, J. (2008). Nutrition for sport and exercise (Student ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. ====